Which statement best defines a fluid?

Any substance that can be poured but not compressed Any substance that deforms continuously under shear stress, including liquids and gases Any liquid substance that flows at room temperature Any gas that can be stored in a pressurised container

The density of water at standard conditions is approximately:

1.225 kg/m³ 100 kg/m³ 1000 kg/m³ 10,000 kg/m³

Viscosity is best described as:

A fluid's tendency to evaporate at high temperatures A fluid's resistance to flow, caused by internal friction between layers A fluid's density relative to water A fluid's ability to transmit pressure equally in all directions

Kinematic viscosity (ν) is calculated as:

Density divided by dynamic viscosity (ν = ρ/μ) Dynamic viscosity multiplied by density (ν = μ × ρ) Dynamic viscosity divided by density (ν = μ/ρ) Pressure divided by dynamic viscosity (ν = P/μ)

Water is classified as a Newtonian fluid. What does this mean?

Its viscosity increases when stirred or shaken Its viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied shear rate It flows only in one direction due to molecular alignment It becomes a solid when pressure exceeds 1 atm

Ketchup is a shear-thinning (thixotropic) non-Newtonian fluid. What happens to its viscosity when you shake the bottle?

Its viscosity increases, making it harder to pour Its viscosity decreases, making it flow more easily Its viscosity stays the same regardless of shaking It instantly solidifies under the applied shear force

A cornstarch-and-water slurry (oobleck) thickens when you punch it. This is an example of:

Shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) behaviour Newtonian behaviour Shear-thickening (dilatant) behaviour Plastic (Bingham) behaviour

Why are liquids considered nearly incompressible while gases are highly compressible?

Liquids are heavier, so gravity prevents compression Liquid molecules are packed closely together, leaving little space to compress, whereas gas molecules are far apart Gases have higher viscosity, which makes them expand instead of compress Liquids have lower temperature, which locks their volume in place

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately:

1,000 Pa (1 kPa) 10,000 Pa (10 kPa) 101,325 Pa (about 101.3 kPa) 1,000,000 Pa (1 MPa)

Gauge pressure is defined as:

Pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum (zero pressure) Pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure Pressure at the deepest point in a fluid The maximum pressure a container can withstand before bursting

Pascal's law states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is:

Absorbed by the walls of the container and not transmitted Transmitted only downward due to gravity Transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid Transmitted only in the direction of fluid flow

A hydraulic press has a small piston of area 0.01 m² and a large piston of area 0.5 m². If 100 N is applied to the small piston, what force does the large piston exert?

100 N 500 N 5000 N 50,000 N