Three resistors of 4 Ω, 6 Ω, and 10 Ω are connected in series. What is the total resistance?

2.05 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω 240 Ω

In a series circuit with a 12 V battery and three resistors (2 Ω, 3 Ω, 5 Ω), what is the current flowing through each resistor?

6 A through the 2 Ω, 4 A through the 3 Ω, 2.4 A through the 5 Ω 1.2 A through every resistor 12 A through every resistor 0.4 A through every resistor

Two resistors of 6 Ω and 12 Ω are connected in parallel. What is the combined resistance?

2 Ω 4 Ω 9 Ω 18 Ω

What does Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) state?

The sum of all voltages in a circuit equals zero The total resistance of parallel resistors equals the sum of individual resistances The sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving that node Current is always the same throughout a parallel circuit

What does Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) state?

The sum of all currents entering a node equals zero The sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero Voltage is always the same at every point in a series circuit Voltage divides equally among resistors in a parallel circuit

A battery has an EMF of 9 V and an internal resistance of 1 Ω. When a 4 Ω external resistor is connected, what is the terminal voltage?

9 V 8.1 V 7.2 V 5.4 V

What happens in a short circuit?

All current stops flowing because the circuit is broken A near-zero resistance path forms, causing a very large current that can cause overheating or fire Voltage doubles because resistance is reduced to zero The battery EMF drops to zero and no energy is transferred

A voltage divider uses two resistors in series: R₁ = 8 kΩ and R₂ = 2 kΩ, connected to a 10 V supply. What is the output voltage taken across R₂?

8 V 5 V 2 V 0.5 V

How should a voltmeter be connected to measure the voltage across a resistor?

In series with the resistor, because it measures the voltage dropped along the circuit In parallel with the resistor, because a voltmeter has very high internal resistance Directly to the battery terminals only, not across individual components In series with the resistor, using a very low internal resistance meter

How should an ammeter be connected to measure the current through a component?

In parallel with the component, because it needs to sample only a fraction of the current In series with the component, because an ammeter has very low internal resistance Directly across the battery with the circuit disconnected In parallel with the component, because it has very high internal resistance

What is the main advantage of a breadboard for circuit prototyping?

They are permanently bonded to components to ensure reliable connections They can only be used with surface-mount components Components can be inserted and removed without soldering, allowing rapid design changes They contain copper tracks that replace the need for connecting wires entirely

An engineer uses a multimeter to measure resistance. What must be done to the circuit before taking the reading?

The circuit must be running at full supply voltage The circuit power must be switched off The ammeter setting must be selected first, then switched to resistance mid-measurement All capacitors must be charged to their rated voltage