A resistor's primary function in a circuit is to:

Store energy in an electric field Allow current to flow in one direction only Limit the flow of electric current Amplify the input voltage

A capacitor stores 10 μC of charge with 5 V across it. What is its capacitance?

0.5 μF 2 μF 50 μF 5 μF

Which statement correctly describes how a capacitor behaves in a DC circuit once it is fully charged?

It acts as a short circuit and passes maximum current It converts DC to AC internally It blocks DC and no current flows through it It stores energy in a magnetic field and releases it

An inductor opposes changes in current because it:

Stores energy in an electric field between its plates Stores energy in a magnetic field that resists any change in current Has very high resistance at all frequencies Converts current to voltage using the photoelectric effect

A silicon diode has a forward voltage drop of approximately 0.7 V. If 5 V is applied across the diode in the forward direction with a 100 Ω series resistor, what current flows?

50 mA 7 mA 43 mA 5 mA

A Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator. When connected in reverse bias at its breakdown voltage of 5.1 V, it:

Allows current to flow freely in both directions Maintains 5.1 V across itself regardless of current (within its power rating) Emits light at a wavelength determined by 5.1 V Blocks all current until exactly 5.1 V is applied, then becomes a short circuit

What determines the colour of light emitted by an LED?

The forward current through the LED The reverse breakdown voltage The bandgap energy of the semiconductor material used The capacitance of the junction at the operating frequency

In an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used as a switch, what causes the transistor to turn ON (saturate)?

A high voltage applied to the gate terminal Sufficient base current flowing into the base terminal Reverse biasing the emitter-base junction Applying a negative voltage to the collector

A MOSFET differs from a BJT primarily because a MOSFET is:

Current-controlled, requiring significant base current Voltage-controlled, with very high input impedance at the gate A purely passive component with no amplification ability Only able to operate at frequencies above 1 GHz

When reading a component datasheet, which parameter tells you the maximum voltage the component can safely withstand?

The typical operating voltage listed in the features section The recommended supply voltage The absolute maximum voltage rating The forward voltage drop at rated current

On a standard breadboard, which holes are internally connected to each other?

All holes in the same column across the entire breadboard All holes in the same numbered row on each side of the centre gap Only holes in the power rails; all component rows are isolated Every hole on the breadboard is connected to every other hole

A 'cold solder joint' is a common soldering defect. What does it look like and why is it problematic?

Bright and shiny surface; it is stronger than a normal joint Dull and grainy surface; it has high resistance and can cause intermittent failures Blue-coloured joint caused by too much flux A joint where excess solder bridges to an adjacent pad