What is HTML and what does it do in a webpage?

HTML defines the structure and content of a webpage — headings, paragraphs, images, links, and other elements HTML is a programming language used to make websites interactive HTML is the database format used by websites to store user data HTML is the security layer that keeps websites safe from hackers

What is a 'cookie' in web browsing?

A small file stored on your browser by a website to remember information — like your login status, preferences, or shopping cart contents A type of malware that websites secretly install to steal your data A payment system used to buy things online A file that shows websites your age to prevent you from seeing adult content

What does it mean for a webpage to be 'dynamic' vs 'static'?

Static pages are the same for every visitor; dynamic pages are generated on the fly and can show personalized content based on who's viewing Static pages load faster because they use moving images; dynamic pages are text-only Dynamic pages update automatically every 60 seconds; static pages don't Static pages are for desktop users; dynamic pages automatically adjust for mobile

What is a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and what are its parts?

A URL is a web address — it specifies the protocol (https), domain (example.com), and path (/page) to a specific resource on the internet A URL is the name of a webpage, like a book title — it doesn't contain any technical information A URL is the password needed to access a protected website A URL is the GPS coordinates of the server hosting a website

When you submit a login form on a website, how does your password reach the server securely?

Your browser encrypts the password using TLS before sending it, so only the server with the private key can decrypt and read it Your password is split into pieces and sent via 5 different routes so no single route has the whole password The website converts your password to a code word before sending — like a secret language Your password is hashed (scrambled) on your device and the website stores and compares the hash

What is 'phishing' in the context of websites and URLs?

Creating fake websites that look like real ones (like paypal-secure.com instead of paypal.com) to trick users into entering their credentials Breaking into real websites and stealing user data directly from databases Sending spam emails with fishing gear advertisements Using automated bots to guess passwords on legitimate websites

What is a search engine and how does it find relevant results for your query?

A search engine continuously crawls the web, indexes page content, and ranks results using algorithms that consider relevance, authority, and hundreds of other signals A search engine asks website owners to submit their pages for listing A search engine reads every website in real time when you search A search engine stores all website content locally and searches its copy

What is 'net neutrality' and why has it been controversial?

The principle that ISPs must treat all internet traffic equally — not slowing, blocking, or charging extra for specific websites or services A rule that all websites must provide the same amount of content for free The idea that the internet should be censorship-free worldwide A law requiring all internet connections to be the same speed

What is the 'dark web' and how is it different from the regular internet?

A part of the internet not indexed by search engines, accessible only through special software (like Tor), often used for both privacy and illegal activities A set of websites that only work at night due to server schedules Deleted websites that can still be accessed by advanced hackers The internet used exclusively by government agencies and militaries

How does your browser know a website's security certificate is legitimate?

The certificate is signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) that browsers already trust — the browser verifies the signature and checks the certificate hasn't expired or been revoked The browser downloads the certificate and checks it against a government database Website owners apply to Google for certification and Google adds them to a trusted list The padlock icon means Google has manually verified the website is safe